A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are organized into three major layers: the primary ...

Directed evolution is a laboratory technique that mimics natural selection and allows scientists to evolve genes and the ...

Essentials of Biology is a non-majors general biology course without a laboratory. The topics that will be covered include biological molecules, cell structure and function, cellular metabolism, cell ...

Researchers have uncovered key genetic regulators in plant stem cells, offering new insights into crop size and resilience ...

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of only a handful of gaseous signalling molecules. Its discovery as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by Ignarro revolutionized how NO and cognate reactive ...

Researchers have developed artificial cell-like structures using inorganic matter that autonomously ingest, process, and push out material - recreating an essential function of living cells. Their ...

Researchers have found a new, dynamic protein structure in cells. Every cell contains millions of protein molecules. Some of them have the ability to phase-separate to form non-membrane-bound ...